Under the current law of the Constitution, people have no right to a religious exemption from a rule unless there is also a secular exception or gap in coverage that would undermine the government’s interests just as much. The Supreme Court’s current interpretation of the Constitution does not always require a compelling interest. This is a preliminary opinion and seems unlikely to stand up through further proceedings and appeal, since every judge to encounter such an issue in the past has ruled the other way. Now, a federal judge has granted a temporary restraining order to prevent Western Michigan University, a public school, from requiring its student-athletes to be vaccinated. Until last month, no state or federal court had ever granted a religious exemption when the government had to demonstrate compelling interest in requiring a vaccine. The unvaccinated also endanger people who are vaccinated because no vaccination is 100% effective, as is evident from the number of breakthrough COVID-19 infections in the U.S. The unvaccinated endanger people who are immunosuppressed or cannot be vaccinated because of their age or any other medical reason. The government has a compelling interest in preventing significant threats to other people’s health, and especially so in a pandemic. The Supreme Court has never been clear about the full range of what counts as “compelling,” but some cases are clear. The most stringent standard is that the government should not require people to violate their conscience without a compelling reason. There are a variety of ways to present a religious liberty claim, each with a different set of rules.
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